View source for Upstream oil and gas industry

[[Category:Done 2018-06-15]] 
<onlyinclude>'''Upstream industry''' is the portion of the [[oil]] and [[natural gas]] industry that is responsible for finding [[crude oil]] and natural gas deposits, along with producing them. Upstream industry is sometimes known as the '''exploration and production''' or '''E&P''' sector.</onlyinclude><ref>PSAC. (June 11, 2015). ''Industry Overview'' [Online]. Available: http://www.psac.ca/business/industry-overview/</ref> This part of the [[petroleum]] industry includes all activities that happen out in the field including drilling [[oil well|wells]], trucking supplies, and mining [[oil sands]]. In addition, it includes planning and preparation—including environmental studies and engineering plans.

[[File:oilind.png|400px|framed|center|Figure 1. Representation of upstream, [[midstream oil and gas industry|midstream]], and [[downstream oil and gas industry|downstream]] industry.<ref>''Created internally by a member of the Energy Education team.''</ref>]]

The different sectors within the upstream industry include:<ref>Careers in Oil and Gas. (June 12, 2015). ''Upstream Petroleum Industry'' [Online]. Available: http://www.careersinoilandgas.com/build-your-career/about-the-industry/industry-overview/upstream-petroleum-industry.aspx#.VXrqT89Viko</ref>
* [[Offshore drilling]]
* [[Oil sands mining]]
* Supply and service
* Manufacturing
* [[Seismic survey]]s
* [[Geological survey]]s
* [[Oil sands land reclamation|Reclamation]] 

==Environmental Impacts==
There are several environmental impacts that can be connected to various upstream petroleum activities. There are a wide variety of [[emission]]s released into the [[atmosphere]] as a result of activities such as [[flaring]]. This reduces [[air quality]] and increases [[greenhouse gas]] emissions. Some of these emissions include [[benzene]]s, [[particulate matter]], [[acid]] emissions, [[methane]], and [[carbon dioxide]]. 2013 estimates report that the upstream oil and gas sector contributed 20% of the sulfur oxide ([[SOx]]) emissions, 23% of the nitrogen oxide emissions ([[NOx]]), and 29% of the [[volatile organic compound]] emissions in Canada.<ref>Environment Canada. (July 28, 2015). ''Air Pollutant Emissions'' [Online]. Available: http://ec.gc.ca/inrp-npri/donnees-data/ap/index.cfm?lang=En</ref> Moreover, water quality and negative environmental effects from land use are a concern with upstream industry. The use of fracking fluids when drilling wells is a concern in terms of groundwater contamination and the extensive water use in oil sands extraction is potentially problematic. As well, the disruption of habitats can arise from development of extraction sites. 

==Interactive Graph==
For an interactive graph showing what pollutants arise from upstream oil industry click [http://energyeducation.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Detailed_pollution_data&pollutant=SOX&source=Oil_and_Gas_Industry#Detailed_Source_Data here]. The values can be compared to emissions from the downstream industry as well. The pollutant being looked at is automatically set to sulfur oxides, but try changing the pollutant to nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, or carbon monoxide!

==For Further Reading==
*[[Crude oil]]
*[[Oil well]] and [[oil sands]]
*[[Downstream oil and gas industry]]
*[[Midstream oil and gas industry]]
*Or explore a [[Special:Random|random page]]


==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]